diff --git a/src/fc_network_adapter/fc_network_adapter/mavlinkROS2Nodes.py b/src/fc_network_adapter/fc_network_adapter/mavlinkROS2Nodes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..496ce48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/fc_network_adapter/fc_network_adapter/mavlinkROS2Nodes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,611 @@
+"""
+MAVLink ROS2 Nodes
+包含兩個獨立的 ROS2 Node：
+1. VehicleStatusPublisher - 發布載具狀態到 ROS2 topics
+2. MavlinkCommandService - 提供 MAVLink 指令 service 介面
+
+從 vehicle_registry 讀取狀態數據，頻率控制，模組化設計
+"""
+
+import os
+import time
+import math
+import threading
+from typing import Dict, Optional
+
+# ROS2 imports
+import rclpy
+from rclpy.node import Node
+from rclpy.executors import MultiThreadedExecutor
+
+# ROS2 Message imports
+import std_msgs.msg
+import sensor_msgs.msg
+import geometry_msgs.msg
+import mavros_msgs.msg
+
+# 自定義 imports
+from . import mavlinkVehicleView as mvv
+from .utils import setup_logger
+
+logger = setup_logger(os.path.basename(__file__))
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+#                          頻率控制器
+# ============================================================================
+
+class PublishRateController:
+    """發布頻率控制器 - 按時間間隔控制發布頻率"""
+    
+    def __init__(self):
+        # 各 topic 的發布間隔（秒）
+        self.topic_intervals = {
+            'position': 0.5,       # GPS位置 2Hz
+            'attitude': 0.5,       # 姿態 2Hz
+            'velocity': 0.5,       # 速度 2Hz
+            'battery': 1.0,        # 電池 1Hz
+            'vfr_hud': 0.5,        # VFR HUD 2Hz
+            'mode': 1.0,           # 飛行模式 1Hz
+            'summary': 1.0,        # 載具摘要 1Hz
+        }
+        # 記錄每個 topic 的最後發布時間 {(sysid, topic): timestamp}
+        self.last_publish_time: Dict[tuple, float] = {}
+    
+    def should_publish(self, sysid: int, topic: str) -> bool:
+        """
+        檢查是否應該發布此 topic
+        
+        Args:
+            sysid: 系統ID
+            topic: topic 名稱
+            
+        Returns:
+            bool: True 表示應該發布
+        """
+        key = (sysid, topic)
+        now = time.time()
+        
+        # 首次發布
+        if key not in self.last_publish_time:
+            self.last_publish_time[key] = now
+            return True
+        
+        # 檢查時間間隔
+        interval = self.topic_intervals.get(topic, 1.0)
+        if now - self.last_publish_time[key] >= interval:
+            self.last_publish_time[key] = now
+            return True
+        
+        return False
+    
+    def reset(self):
+        """重置所有計時器"""
+        self.last_publish_time.clear()
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+#                       VehicleStatusPublisher Node
+# ============================================================================
+
+class VehicleStatusPublisher(Node):
+    """
+    載具狀態發布者 - 從 vehicle_registry 讀取數據並發布到 ROS2 topics
+    
+    職責:
+    - 定期從 vehicle_registry 讀取載具狀態
+    - 頻率控制（位置/姿態 2Hz，電池/摘要 1Hz）
+    - 發布標準 ROS2 消息類型
+    - 檢測訂閱者，按需發布
+    """
+    
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__('vehicle_status_publisher')
+        
+        # 頻率控制器
+        self.rate_controller = PublishRateController()
+        
+        # fc_publishers 字典 {(sysid, topic_name): publisher}
+        self.fc_publishers: Dict[tuple, any] = {}
+        
+        # 定時器：以較高頻率檢查 vehicle_registry 並發布
+        # 10Hz 檢查頻率，但通過 rate_controller 控制實際發布頻率
+        self.timer_period = 0.1  # 100ms
+        self.timer = self.create_timer(self.timer_period, self.timer_callback)
+        
+        # 狀態標誌
+        self.running = True
+        
+        # logger.info("VehicleStatusPublisher initialized")
+    
+    def timer_callback(self):
+        """定時器回調 - 檢查所有載具並發布狀態"""
+        if not self.running:
+            return
+        
+        # 從 vehicle_registry 獲取所有載具
+        all_vehicles = mvv.vehicle_registry.get_all()
+        
+        for sysid, vehicle in all_vehicles.items():
+            self._publish_vehicle_status(vehicle)
+    
+    def _publish_vehicle_status(self, vehicle: mvv.VehicleView):
+        """
+        發布單個載具的所有狀態
+        
+        Args:
+            vehicle: VehicleView 實例
+        """
+        sysid = vehicle.sysid
+        
+        # 假設只有一個 autopilot component (component_id=1)
+        component = vehicle.get_component(1)
+        if not component:
+            return
+        
+        status = component.status
+        
+        # 發布各種狀態（通過頻率控制器判斷是否發布）
+        self._publish_position(sysid, status)
+        self._publish_attitude(sysid, status)
+        self._publish_velocity(sysid, status)
+        self._publish_battery(sysid, status)
+        self._publish_vfr_hud(sysid, status)
+        self._publish_mode(sysid, status)
+        self._publish_summary(vehicle)
+    
+    def _get_or_create_publisher(self, sysid: int, topic: str, msg_type, qos: int = 1):
+        """
+        獲取或創建 publisher
+        
+        Args:
+            sysid: 系統ID
+            topic: topic 名稱
+            msg_type: ROS2 消息類型
+            qos: QoS 設置
+            
+        Returns:
+            publisher 對象
+        """
+        key = (sysid, topic)
+        if key not in self.fc_publishers:
+            topic_name = f'/vehicle_status/sys{sysid}/{topic}'
+            publisher = self.create_publisher(msg_type, topic_name, qos)
+            self.fc_publishers[key] = publisher
+            logger.info(f"Created publisher: {topic_name}")
+        return self.fc_publishers[key]
+    
+    def _publish_position(self, sysid: int, status: mvv.ComponentStatus):
+        """發布 GPS 位置"""
+        if not self.rate_controller.should_publish(sysid, 'position'):
+            return
+        
+        pos = status.position
+        if pos.latitude is None or pos.longitude is None:
+            return
+        
+        publisher = self._get_or_create_publisher(sysid, 'position', sensor_msgs.msg.NavSatFix)
+        
+        # 檢查是否有訂閱者
+        if publisher.get_subscription_count() == 0:
+            return
+        
+        msg = sensor_msgs.msg.NavSatFix()
+        msg.latitude = pos.latitude
+        msg.longitude = pos.longitude
+        msg.altitude = pos.altitude if pos.altitude is not None else 0.0
+        
+        # GPS 狀態資訊
+        gps = status.gps
+        if gps.fix_type is not None:
+            msg.status.status = gps.fix_type - 1  # MAVLink fix_type 轉 NavSatStatus
+        
+        publisher.publish(msg)
+    
+    def _publish_attitude(self, sysid: int, status: mvv.ComponentStatus):
+        """發布姿態（IMU）"""
+        if not self.rate_controller.should_publish(sysid, 'attitude'):
+            return
+        
+        att = status.attitude
+        if att.roll is None:
+            return
+        
+        publisher = self._get_or_create_publisher(sysid, 'attitude', sensor_msgs.msg.Imu)
+        
+        if publisher.get_subscription_count() == 0:
+            return
+        
+        msg = sensor_msgs.msg.Imu()
+        
+        # 歐拉角轉四元數
+        qx, qy, qz, qw = self._euler_to_quaternion(
+            att.roll, att.pitch, att.yaw
+        )
+        msg.orientation.x = qx
+        msg.orientation.y = qy
+        msg.orientation.z = qz
+        msg.orientation.w = qw
+        
+        # 角速度
+        if att.rollspeed is not None:
+            msg.angular_velocity.x = att.rollspeed
+            msg.angular_velocity.y = att.pitchspeed
+            msg.angular_velocity.z = att.yawspeed
+        
+        publisher.publish(msg)
+    
+    def _publish_velocity(self, sysid: int, status: mvv.ComponentStatus):
+        """發布速度"""
+        if not self.rate_controller.should_publish(sysid, 'velocity'):
+            return
+        
+        vfr = status.vfr
+        if vfr.groundspeed is None:
+            return
+        
+        publisher = self._get_or_create_publisher(sysid, 'velocity', geometry_msgs.msg.TwistStamped)
+        
+        if publisher.get_subscription_count() == 0:
+            return
+        
+        msg = geometry_msgs.msg.TwistStamped()
+        msg.header.stamp = self.get_clock().now().to_msg()
+        
+        # 使用 VFR HUD 的地速和航向計算速度分量
+        if vfr.heading is not None:
+            heading_rad = math.radians(vfr.heading)
+            msg.twist.linear.x = vfr.groundspeed * math.cos(heading_rad)
+            msg.twist.linear.y = vfr.groundspeed * math.sin(heading_rad)
+        
+        # 爬升率作為 z 軸速度
+        if vfr.climb is not None:
+            msg.twist.linear.z = vfr.climb
+        
+        publisher.publish(msg)
+    
+    def _publish_battery(self, sysid: int, status: mvv.ComponentStatus):
+        """發布電池狀態"""
+        if not self.rate_controller.should_publish(sysid, 'battery'):
+            return
+        
+        bat = status.battery
+        if bat.voltage is None:
+            return
+        
+        publisher = self._get_or_create_publisher(sysid, 'battery', sensor_msgs.msg.BatteryState)
+        
+        if publisher.get_subscription_count() == 0:
+            return
+        
+        msg = sensor_msgs.msg.BatteryState()
+        msg.voltage = bat.voltage
+        
+        if bat.current is not None:
+            msg.current = bat.current
+        
+        if bat.remaining is not None:
+            msg.percentage = bat.remaining / 100.0
+        
+        if bat.temperature is not None:
+            msg.temperature = bat.temperature
+        
+        publisher.publish(msg)
+    
+    def _publish_vfr_hud(self, sysid: int, status: mvv.ComponentStatus):
+        """發布 VFR HUD"""
+        if not self.rate_controller.should_publish(sysid, 'vfr_hud'):
+            return
+        
+        vfr = status.vfr
+        if vfr.airspeed is None:
+            return
+        
+        publisher = self._get_or_create_publisher(sysid, 'vfr_hud', mavros_msgs.msg.VfrHud)
+        
+        if publisher.get_subscription_count() == 0:
+            return
+        
+        msg = mavros_msgs.msg.VfrHud()
+        msg.airspeed = vfr.airspeed if vfr.airspeed is not None else 0.0
+        msg.groundspeed = vfr.groundspeed if vfr.groundspeed is not None else 0.0
+        msg.heading = vfr.heading if vfr.heading is not None else 0
+        msg.throttle = float(vfr.throttle) if vfr.throttle is not None else 0.0
+        msg.climb = vfr.climb if vfr.climb is not None else 0.0
+        
+        # altitude 需要從 position 獲取
+        if status.position.altitude is not None:
+            msg.altitude = status.position.altitude
+        
+        publisher.publish(msg)
+    
+    def _publish_mode(self, sysid: int, status: mvv.ComponentStatus):
+        """發布飛行模式"""
+        if not self.rate_controller.should_publish(sysid, 'mode'):
+            return
+        
+        mode = status.mode
+        if mode.mode_name is None:
+            return
+        
+        publisher = self._get_or_create_publisher(sysid, 'mode', std_msgs.msg.String)
+        
+        if publisher.get_subscription_count() == 0:
+            return
+        
+        msg = std_msgs.msg.String()
+        msg.data = mode.mode_name
+        publisher.publish(msg)
+    
+    def _publish_summary(self, vehicle: mvv.VehicleView):
+        """
+        發布載具摘要資訊（自定義格式，使用 String 暫時代替）
+        TODO: 未來可以定義專門的 VehicleSummary.msg
+        """
+        sysid = vehicle.sysid
+        
+        if not self.rate_controller.should_publish(sysid, 'summary'):
+            return
+        
+        publisher = self._get_or_create_publisher(sysid, 'summary', std_msgs.msg.String)
+        
+        if publisher.get_subscription_count() == 0:
+            return
+        
+        # 獲取 autopilot component
+        component = vehicle.get_component(1)
+        if not component:
+            return
+        
+        status = component.status
+        
+        # 構建摘要資訊（JSON 格式字串）
+        import json
+        summary = {
+            'sysid': sysid,
+            'vehicle_type': vehicle.vehicle_type if vehicle.vehicle_type else 0,
+            'autopilot': component.mav_autopilot if component.mav_autopilot else 0,
+            'socket_id': vehicle.custom_meta.get('socket_id', -1),  # 重要！
+            'armed': status.armed if status.armed is not None else False,
+            'mode_custom': status.mode.custom_mode if status.mode.custom_mode else 0,
+            'mode_name': status.mode.mode_name if status.mode.mode_name else "UNKNOWN",
+            'latitude': status.position.latitude if status.position.latitude else 0.0,
+            'longitude': status.position.longitude if status.position.longitude else 0.0,
+            'altitude': status.position.altitude if status.position.altitude else 0.0,
+            'battery_percent': status.battery.remaining if status.battery.remaining else 0,
+            'gps_fix': status.gps.fix_type if status.gps.fix_type else 0,
+            'connection_type': vehicle.connected_via.value,
+            'last_update': component.packet_stats.last_msg_time if component.packet_stats.last_msg_time else 0.0,
+        }
+        
+        msg = std_msgs.msg.String()
+        msg.data = json.dumps(summary)
+        publisher.publish(msg)
+    
+    @staticmethod
+    def _euler_to_quaternion(roll, pitch, yaw):
+        """
+        歐拉角轉四元數
+        
+        Args:
+            roll: 橫滾角 (弧度)
+            pitch: 俯仰角 (弧度)
+            yaw: 偏航角 (弧度)
+            
+        Returns:
+            tuple: (qx, qy, qz, qw)
+        """
+        qx = math.sin(roll/2) * math.cos(pitch/2) * math.cos(yaw/2) - \
+             math.cos(roll/2) * math.sin(pitch/2) * math.sin(yaw/2)
+        qy = math.cos(roll/2) * math.sin(pitch/2) * math.cos(yaw/2) + \
+             math.sin(roll/2) * math.cos(pitch/2) * math.sin(yaw/2)
+        qz = math.cos(roll/2) * math.cos(pitch/2) * math.sin(yaw/2) - \
+             math.sin(roll/2) * math.sin(pitch/2) * math.cos(yaw/2)
+        qw = math.cos(roll/2) * math.cos(pitch/2) * math.cos(yaw/2) + \
+             math.sin(roll/2) * math.sin(pitch/2) * math.sin(yaw/2)
+        return (qx, qy, qz, qw)
+    
+    def stop(self):
+        """停止發布"""
+        self.running = False
+        # logger.info("VehicleStatusPublisher stopped")
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+#                       MavlinkCommandService Node
+# ============================================================================
+
+class MavlinkCommandService(Node):
+    """
+    MAVLink 指令服務節點 - 提供 ROS2 service 介面來發送 MAVLink 指令
+    
+    職責:
+    - 作為 service server，等待 client 請求
+    - 接收請求，組裝 MAVLink 封包
+    - 調用 mavlinkObject 發送封包
+    - 處理 ACK 等待和超時（未來實現）
+    
+    TODO: 稍後實現
+    """
+    
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__('mavlink_command_service')
+        
+        logger.info("MavlinkCommandService initialized (not implemented yet)")
+    
+    def stop(self):
+        """停止服務"""
+        # logger.info("MavlinkCommandService stopped")
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+#                         ROS2 節點管理器
+# ============================================================================
+
+class fc_ros_manager:
+    """
+    MAVLink ROS2 節點管理器
+    
+    管理兩個獨立的 ROS2 Node：
+    - VehicleStatusPublisher
+    - MavlinkCommandService
+    
+    提供統一的啟動/停止介面給 mainOrchestrator
+    """
+    
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.initialized = False
+        self.running = False
+        
+        # 两个 node 实例
+        self.status_publisher: Optional[VehicleStatusPublisher] = None
+        self.command_service: Optional[MavlinkCommandService] = None
+        
+        # Executor & Thread
+        self.executor: Optional[MultiThreadedExecutor] = None
+        self.spin_thread: Optional[threading.Thread] = None
+    
+    def initialize(self):
+        """初始化 ROS2 环境和 nodes"""
+        if self.initialized:
+            logger.warning("fc_ros_manager already initialized")
+            return False
+        
+        try:
+            # 初始化 ROS2
+            rclpy.init()
+            
+            # 創建節點 node
+            self.status_publisher = VehicleStatusPublisher()
+            self.command_service = MavlinkCommandService()
+    
+            # 創建執行者 MultiThreadedExecutor
+            self.executor = MultiThreadedExecutor()
+            self.executor.add_node(self.status_publisher)
+            self.executor.add_node(self.command_service)
+            
+            self.initialized = True
+            # logger.info("fc_ros_manager initialized")
+            return True
+            
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error(f"Failed to initialize fc_ros_manager: {e}")
+            return False
+    
+    def start(self):
+        """啟動 ROS2 nodes (在獨立執行緒中運行 executor) """
+        if not self.initialized:
+            logger.error("fc_ros_manager initialize failed or not called")
+            return False
+        
+        if self.running:
+            logger.warning("fc_ros_manager already running")
+            return False
+        
+        try:
+            self.running = True
+            
+            self.spin_thread = threading.Thread(
+                target=self._spin_executor,
+                daemon=True,
+                name="ROS2ExecutorThread"
+            )
+            self.spin_thread.start()
+            
+            logger.info("fc_ros_manager started <-")
+            return True
+            
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error(f"Failed to start fc_ros_manager: {e}")
+            self.running = False
+            return False
+    
+    def _spin_executor(self):
+        """在 thread 中運行的 executor"""
+        try:
+            # logger.info("ROS2 executor spinning...")
+            while self.running:
+                self.executor.spin_once(timeout_sec=0.1)
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error(f"fc_ros_manager error in spinning executor: {e}")
+    
+    def stop(self):
+        """停止 ROS2 nodes"""
+        if not self.running:
+            logger.warning("fc_ros_manager not running")
+            return False
+        
+        try:
+            logger.info("Stopping fc_ros_manager...")
+            
+            # 標記停止
+            self.running = False
+            
+            # 停止各個 node
+            if self.status_publisher:
+                self.status_publisher.stop()
+            if self.command_service:
+                self.command_service.stop()
+            
+            # 等待 spin 執行緒結束
+            if self.spin_thread and self.spin_thread.is_alive():
+                self.spin_thread.join(timeout=2.0)
+            
+            logger.info("fc_ros_manager thread END!")
+            return True
+            
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error(f"Error stopping fc_ros_manager: {e}")
+            return False
+    
+    def shutdown(self):
+        """完全關閉並清理資源"""
+        if self.running:
+            self.stop()
+        
+        if self.initialized:
+            try:
+                # 銷毀 nodes
+                if self.status_publisher:
+                    self.status_publisher.destroy_node()
+                if self.command_service:
+                    self.command_service.destroy_node()
+                
+                # 關閉 ROS2
+                if rclpy.ok():
+                    rclpy.shutdown()
+                
+                self.initialized = False
+                logger.info("fc_ros_manager Node END!")
+                
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.error(f"Error during shutdown: {e}")
+    
+    def get_status(self) -> dict:
+        return {
+            'initialized': self.initialized,
+            'running': self.running,
+            'status_publisher_active': self.status_publisher is not None and self.status_publisher.running,
+            'command_service_active': self.command_service is not None,
+        }
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+#                              全域實例
+# ============================================================================
+
+# 全域管理器實例（供 mainOrchestrator 使用）
+ros2_manager = fc_ros_manager()
+
+
+'''
+================= 改版記錄 ============================
+
+2026.01.20
+1. 重構自 mavlinkPublish.py
+2. 實現 VehicleStatusPublisher - 從 vehicle_registry 讀取並發布狀態
+3. 添加頻率控制器 - 按需發布（2Hz 位置/姿態，1Hz 電池/摘要）
+4. 預留 MavlinkCommandService 結構（稍後實現）
+5. 提供 fc_ros_manager 統一管理介面
+
+'''
diff --git a/src/fc_network_adapter/tests/test_vehicleStatusPublisher.py b/src/fc_network_adapter/tests/test_vehicleStatusPublisher.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c902bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/fc_network_adapter/tests/test_vehicleStatusPublisher.py
@@ -0,0 +1,498 @@
+"""
+VehicleStatusPublisher 測試程式
+
+測試從 vehicle_registry 讀取資料並發布到 ROS2 topics
+"""
+
+import time
+import json
+import threading
+
+# ROS2 imports
+import rclpy
+from rclpy.node import Node
+
+# 標準 ROS2 消息類型
+import std_msgs.msg
+import sensor_msgs.msg
+import geometry_msgs.msg
+import mavros_msgs.msg
+
+# 專案 imports
+from ..fc_network_adapter.mavlinkROS2Nodes import (
+    VehicleStatusPublisher,
+    fc_ros_manager,
+    ros2_manager
+)
+from ..fc_network_adapter.mavlinkVehicleView import (
+    vehicle_registry,
+    ConnectionType,
+    ComponentType,
+)
+
+
+class TestSubscriber(Node):
+    """測試用的訂閱者節點 - 接收並記錄收到的消息"""
+    
+    def __init__(self, sysid: int = 1):
+        super().__init__(f'test_subscriber_sys{sysid}')
+        
+        self.sysid = sysid
+        self.received_messages = {
+            'position': [],
+            'attitude': [],
+            'velocity': [],
+            'battery': [],
+            'vfr_hud': [],
+            'mode': [],
+            'summary': [],
+        }
+        
+        # 建立所有訂閱者
+        self._create_subscriptions()
+        
+        print(f"[TestSubscriber] 已建立，監聽 sys{sysid} 的所有 topics")
+    
+    def _create_subscriptions(self):
+        """建立所有 topic 的訂閱者"""
+        base_topic = f'/vehicle_status/sys{self.sysid}'
+        
+        # Position
+        self.create_subscription(
+            sensor_msgs.msg.NavSatFix,
+            f'{base_topic}/position',
+            lambda msg: self._on_message('position', msg),
+            10
+        )
+        
+        # Attitude
+        self.create_subscription(
+            sensor_msgs.msg.Imu,
+            f'{base_topic}/attitude',
+            lambda msg: self._on_message('attitude', msg),
+            10
+        )
+        
+        # Velocity
+        self.create_subscription(
+            geometry_msgs.msg.TwistStamped,
+            f'{base_topic}/velocity',
+            lambda msg: self._on_message('velocity', msg),
+            10
+        )
+        
+        # Battery
+        self.create_subscription(
+            sensor_msgs.msg.BatteryState,
+            f'{base_topic}/battery',
+            lambda msg: self._on_message('battery', msg),
+            10
+        )
+        
+        # VFR HUD
+        self.create_subscription(
+            mavros_msgs.msg.VfrHud,
+            f'{base_topic}/vfr_hud',
+            lambda msg: self._on_message('vfr_hud', msg),
+            10
+        )
+        
+        # Mode
+        self.create_subscription(
+            std_msgs.msg.String,
+            f'{base_topic}/mode',
+            lambda msg: self._on_message('mode', msg),
+            10
+        )
+        
+        # Summary
+        self.create_subscription(
+            std_msgs.msg.String,
+            f'{base_topic}/summary',
+            lambda msg: self._on_message('summary', msg),
+            10
+        )
+    
+    def _on_message(self, topic_name: str, msg):
+        """通用消息接收回調"""
+        self.received_messages[topic_name].append(msg)
+        print(f"[TestSubscriber] 收到 {topic_name}: {self._format_msg(topic_name, msg)}")
+    
+    def _format_msg(self, topic_name: str, msg) -> str:
+        """格式化消息以便顯示"""
+        if topic_name == 'position':
+            return f"lat={msg.latitude:.6f}, lon={msg.longitude:.6f}, alt={msg.altitude:.2f}m"
+        elif topic_name == 'attitude':
+            return f"quat=({msg.orientation.x:.3f}, {msg.orientation.y:.3f}, {msg.orientation.z:.3f}, {msg.orientation.w:.3f})"
+        elif topic_name == 'velocity':
+            return f"linear=({msg.twist.linear.x:.2f}, {msg.twist.linear.y:.2f}, {msg.twist.linear.z:.2f})"
+        elif topic_name == 'battery':
+            return f"voltage={msg.voltage:.2f}V, percent={msg.percentage*100:.1f}%"
+        elif topic_name == 'vfr_hud':
+            return f"airspeed={msg.airspeed:.2f}, groundspeed={msg.groundspeed:.2f}, heading={msg.heading}"
+        elif topic_name == 'mode':
+            return f"mode={msg.data}"
+        elif topic_name == 'summary':
+            try:
+                data = json.loads(msg.data)
+                return f"sysid={data['sysid']}, socket_id={data['socket_id']}, mode={data['mode_name']}"
+            except:
+                return msg.data
+        return str(msg)
+    
+    def get_message_count(self, topic_name: str) -> int:
+        """獲取收到的消息數量"""
+        return len(self.received_messages[topic_name])
+    
+    def clear_messages(self):
+        """清空已收到的消息"""
+        for key in self.received_messages:
+            self.received_messages[key].clear()
+
+
+def setup_test_vehicle(sysid: int = 1, socket_id: int = 10):
+    """
+    建立測試用的載具數據
+    
+    Args:
+        sysid: 系統 ID
+        socket_id: Socket ID
+    """
+    print(f"\n=== 建立測試載具 (sysid={sysid}, socket_id={socket_id}) ===")
+    
+    # 註冊載具
+    vehicle = vehicle_registry.register(sysid)
+    vehicle.kind = "Copter"
+    vehicle.vehicle_type = 2  # MAV_TYPE_QUADROTOR
+    vehicle.connected_via = ConnectionType.UDP
+    vehicle.custom_meta['socket_id'] = socket_id
+    
+    # 新增 autopilot 組件 (component_id=1)
+    autopilot = vehicle.add_component(1, ComponentType.AUTOPILOT)
+    autopilot.mav_type = 2  # MAV_TYPE_QUADROTOR
+    autopilot.mav_autopilot = 3  # MAV_AUTOPILOT_ARDUPILOTMEGA
+    
+    # 填充狀態資料
+    status = autopilot.status
+    
+    # 位置
+    status.position.latitude = 25.0330
+    status.position.longitude = 121.5654
+    status.position.altitude = 100.5
+    status.position.relative_altitude = 50.0
+    status.position.timestamp = time.time()
+    
+    # 姿態
+    status.attitude.roll = 0.1
+    status.attitude.pitch = -0.05
+    status.attitude.yaw = 1.57
+    status.attitude.rollspeed = 0.01
+    status.attitude.pitchspeed = 0.02
+    status.attitude.yawspeed = 0.03
+    status.attitude.timestamp = time.time()
+    
+    # 飛行模式
+    status.mode.base_mode = 89
+    status.mode.custom_mode = 4
+    status.mode.mode_name = "GUIDED"
+    status.mode.timestamp = time.time()
+    
+    # 電池
+    status.battery.voltage = 12.6
+    status.battery.current = 15.3
+    status.battery.remaining = 75
+    status.battery.temperature = 35.2
+    status.battery.timestamp = time.time()
+    
+    # GPS
+    status.gps.fix_type = 3  # 3D fix
+    status.gps.satellites_visible = 12
+    status.gps.eph = 100
+    status.gps.epv = 150
+    status.gps.timestamp = time.time()
+    
+    # VFR
+    status.vfr.airspeed = 5.5
+    status.vfr.groundspeed = 6.0
+    status.vfr.heading = 90
+    status.vfr.throttle = 65
+    status.vfr.climb = 1.2
+    status.vfr.timestamp = time.time()
+    
+    # 系統狀態
+    status.armed = True
+    status.system_status = 4  # MAV_STATE_ACTIVE
+    
+    # 更新封包統計
+    autopilot.update_packet_stats(seq=10, msg_type=33, timestamp=time.time())
+    
+    print(f"✓ 載具 {sysid} 已建立並填充測試數據")
+    return vehicle
+
+
+def test_basic_publishing():
+    """測試基本的發布功能"""
+    print("\n" + "="*60)
+    print("測試 1: 基本發布功能")
+    print("="*60)
+    
+    # 清空 registry
+    vehicle_registry.clear()
+    
+    # 建立測試載具
+    vehicle = setup_test_vehicle(sysid=1, socket_id=10)
+    
+    # 初始化 ROS2 管理器
+    if not ros2_manager.initialized:
+        ros2_manager.initialize()
+    
+    # 建立測試訂閱者
+    test_sub = TestSubscriber(sysid=1)
+    
+    # 啟動 publisher
+    ros2_manager.start()
+    
+    print("\n--- 開始發布，等待 5 秒 ---")
+    
+    # 運行 5 秒，持續 spin
+    start_time = time.time()
+    while time.time() - start_time < 5.0:
+        rclpy.spin_once(test_sub, timeout_sec=0.1)
+        time.sleep(0.1)
+    
+    # 檢查收到的消息
+    print("\n--- 消息統計 ---")
+    total_messages = 0
+    for topic in ['position', 'attitude', 'velocity', 'battery', 'vfr_hud', 'mode', 'summary']:
+        count = test_sub.get_message_count(topic)
+        total_messages += count
+        print(f"  {topic:15s}: {count:3d} 條消息")
+    
+    print(f"\n總計收到: {total_messages} 條消息")
+    
+    # 驗證
+    if total_messages > 0:
+        print("\n✓ 測試通過：成功接收到消息")
+    else:
+        print("\n✗ 測試失敗：沒有接收到任何消息")
+    
+    # 停止
+    ros2_manager.stop()
+    test_sub.destroy_node()
+
+
+def test_frequency_control():
+    """測試頻率控制功能"""
+    print("\n" + "="*60)
+    print("測試 2: 頻率控制")
+    print("="*60)
+    
+    # 清空 registry
+    vehicle_registry.clear()
+    
+    # 建立測試載具
+    vehicle = setup_test_vehicle(sysid=1, socket_id=10)
+    
+    # 初始化（如果還沒初始化）
+    if not ros2_manager.initialized:
+        ros2_manager.initialize()
+    
+    # 建立測試訂閱者
+    test_sub = TestSubscriber(sysid=1)
+    
+    # 啟動 publisher
+    ros2_manager.start()
+    
+    print("\n--- 測試頻率控制，運行 3 秒 ---")
+    print("預期：position/attitude 約 6 條 (2Hz)，battery/mode/summary 約 3 條 (1Hz)")
+    
+    # 運行 3 秒
+    start_time = time.time()
+    while time.time() - start_time < 3.0:
+        rclpy.spin_once(test_sub, timeout_sec=0.1)
+        time.sleep(0.1)
+    
+    # 檢查頻率
+    print("\n--- 頻率分析 ---")
+    
+    # 2Hz topics (預期約 6 條)
+    print("2Hz Topics (預期 ~6 條):")
+    for topic in ['position', 'attitude', 'velocity', 'vfr_hud']:
+        count = test_sub.get_message_count(topic)
+        print(f"  {topic:15s}: {count:3d} 條")
+    
+    # 1Hz topics (預期約 3 條)
+    print("\n1Hz Topics (預期 ~3 條):")
+    for topic in ['battery', 'mode', 'summary']:
+        count = test_sub.get_message_count(topic)
+        print(f"  {topic:15s}: {count:3d} 條")
+    
+    print("\n✓ 頻率控制測試完成")
+    
+    # 停止
+    ros2_manager.stop()
+    test_sub.destroy_node()
+
+
+def test_multi_vehicle():
+    """測試多載具發布"""
+    print("\n" + "="*60)
+    print("測試 3: 多載具發布")
+    print("="*60)
+    
+    # 清空 registry
+    vehicle_registry.clear()
+    
+    # 建立 3 個測試載具
+    v1 = setup_test_vehicle(sysid=1, socket_id=10)
+    v2 = setup_test_vehicle(sysid=2, socket_id=11)
+    v3 = setup_test_vehicle(sysid=3, socket_id=12)
+    
+    # 修改各載具的位置以便區分
+    v2.components[1].status.position.latitude = 26.0
+    v3.components[1].status.position.latitude = 27.0
+    
+    # 初始化
+    if not ros2_manager.initialized:
+        ros2_manager.initialize()
+    
+    # 建立 3 個測試訂閱者
+    test_sub1 = TestSubscriber(sysid=1)
+    test_sub2 = TestSubscriber(sysid=2)
+    test_sub3 = TestSubscriber(sysid=3)
+    
+    # 啟動 publisher
+    ros2_manager.start()
+    
+    print("\n--- 測試多載具，運行 3 秒 ---")
+    
+    # 運行 3 秒
+    start_time = time.time()
+    while time.time() - start_time < 3.0:
+        rclpy.spin_once(test_sub1, timeout_sec=0.05)
+        rclpy.spin_once(test_sub2, timeout_sec=0.05)
+        rclpy.spin_once(test_sub3, timeout_sec=0.05)
+        time.sleep(0.1)
+    
+    # 檢查每個載具的消息
+    print("\n--- 各載具消息統計 ---")
+    for sysid, test_sub in [(1, test_sub1), (2, test_sub2), (3, test_sub3)]:
+        total = sum(test_sub.get_message_count(t) for t in test_sub.received_messages.keys())
+        print(f"載具 {sysid}: {total:3d} 條消息")
+        
+        # 檢查 summary 中的 socket_id
+        if test_sub.get_message_count('summary') > 0:
+            last_summary = test_sub.received_messages['summary'][-1]
+            data = json.loads(last_summary.data)
+            print(f"  └─ socket_id={data['socket_id']}, lat={data['latitude']:.1f}")
+    
+    print("\n✓ 多載具測試完成")
+    
+    # 停止
+    ros2_manager.stop()
+    test_sub1.destroy_node()
+    test_sub2.destroy_node()
+    test_sub3.destroy_node()
+
+
+def test_dynamic_vehicle():
+    """測試動態新增/移除載具"""
+    print("\n" + "="*60)
+    print("測試 4: 動態載具管理")
+    print("="*60)
+    
+    # 清空 registry
+    vehicle_registry.clear()
+    
+    # 初始化
+    if not ros2_manager.initialized:
+        ros2_manager.initialize()
+    
+    # 建立測試訂閱者
+    test_sub = TestSubscriber(sysid=1)
+    
+    # 啟動 publisher
+    ros2_manager.start()
+    
+    print("\n--- 階段 1: 無載具，運行 1 秒 ---")
+    start_time = time.time()
+    while time.time() - start_time < 1.0:
+        rclpy.spin_once(test_sub, timeout_sec=0.1)
+        time.sleep(0.1)
+    
+    count_before = sum(test_sub.get_message_count(t) for t in test_sub.received_messages.keys())
+    print(f"收到消息: {count_before} 條")
+    
+    # 新增載具
+    print("\n--- 階段 2: 新增載具，運行 2 秒 ---")
+    vehicle = setup_test_vehicle(sysid=1, socket_id=10)
+    
+    start_time = time.time()
+    while time.time() - start_time < 2.0:
+        rclpy.spin_once(test_sub, timeout_sec=0.1)
+        time.sleep(0.1)
+    
+    count_after = sum(test_sub.get_message_count(t) for t in test_sub.received_messages.keys())
+    print(f"收到消息: {count_after - count_before} 條")
+    
+    # 移除載具
+    print("\n--- 階段 3: 移除載具，運行 1 秒 ---")
+    vehicle_registry.unregister(1)
+    
+    start_time = time.time()
+    while time.time() - start_time < 1.0:
+        rclpy.spin_once(test_sub, timeout_sec=0.1)
+        time.sleep(0.1)
+    
+    count_final = sum(test_sub.get_message_count(t) for t in test_sub.received_messages.keys())
+    print(f"收到消息: {count_final - count_after} 條（應該為 0）")
+    
+    if count_final - count_after == 0:
+        print("\n✓ 動態載具管理測試通過")
+    else:
+        print("\n✗ 移除載具後仍收到消息")
+    
+    # 停止
+    ros2_manager.stop()
+    test_sub.destroy_node()
+
+
+def main():
+    """主測試函數"""
+    print("\n" + "="*60)
+    print("VehicleStatusPublisher 測試程式")
+    print("="*60)
+    
+    try:
+        # 執行各項測試
+        test_basic_publishing()
+        time.sleep(1)
+        
+        # test_frequency_control()
+        # time.sleep(1)
+        
+        # test_multi_vehicle()
+        # time.sleep(1)
+        
+        # test_dynamic_vehicle()
+        
+        print("\n" + "="*60)
+        print("所有測試完成！")
+        print("="*60)
+        
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        print("\n\n測試被中斷")
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"\n\n測試出錯: {e}")
+        import traceback
+        traceback.print_exc()
+    finally:
+        # 清理
+        if ros2_manager.initialized:
+            ros2_manager.shutdown()
+        vehicle_registry.clear()
+        print("\n清理完成")
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()